The Cost of Recidivism:
The high price states pay to incarcerate people for supervision violations
The Cost of Recidivism: The high price states pay to incarcerate people for supervision violations
States pay a high price for incarcerating people for supervision violations. Using data reported from 41 states, this infographic details national and state estimates on money spent to incarcerate people for supervision violations and revocations in 2021.
The Cost of Recidivism
The high price states pay to incarcerate people for supervision violations
THE BOTTOM LINE

Improving reentry outcomes for people on supervision can lower costs, reduce prison populations, and increase community safety.
STATES FACING THE HIGHEST COST
Adjusting for the size of each state’s population, the cost of recidivism exceeded $40 per resident in 10 states.
| Rank and State | Cost of Recidivism / State Population |
| 1. Wisconsin | $72 |
| 2. Vermont | $61 |
| 3. Arkansas | $58 |
| 4. Virginia | $57 |
| 5. Wyoming | $53 |
| 6. Idaho | $51 |
| 7. Louisiana | $50 |
| 8. California | $49 |
| 9. South Dakota | $44 |
| 10. Utah | $41 |
ESTIMATES FOR 41 STATES THAT REPORTED DATA
| State | Cost of Recidivism (Dollars in 2021) |
| Arizona | 226,345,172 |
| Arkansas | 175,858,040 |
| California | 1,924,810,316 |
| Colorado ii | 150,436,575 |
| Delaware iii | 17,580,794 |
| Florida | 313,267,794 |
| Georgia | 201,117,694 |
| Hawaii | 56,106,340 |
| Idaho | 94,109,337 |
| Illinois a | 159,012,177 |
| Indiana | 122,065,870 |
| Iowa | 103,857,914 |
| Kansas | 89,737,440 |
| Louisiana | 231,943,283 |
| Massachusetts | 14,900,490 |
| Michigan a,ii | 53,462,609 |
| Minnesota ii | 91,039,760 |
| Mississippi | 89,046,524 |
| Missouri | 229,107,463 |
| Montana b,ii | 33,558,892 |
| Nevada b,ii | 60,732,073 |
| New Hampshire b,ii | 2,066,630 |
| New York a | 435,556,369 |
| North Carolina | 323,353,719 |
| North Dakota b,ii | 26,133,599 |
| Ohio b,ii | 98,258,442 |
| Oklahoma i | 73,414,812 |
| Oregon b,ii | 70,497,677 |
| Pennsylvania a | 359,890,000 |
| Rhode Island | 29,827,920 |
| South Carolina | 70,483,143 |
| South Dakota | 39,338,861 |
| Tennessee | 39,842,360 |
| Texas | 585,526,120 |
| Utah | 134,181,891 |
| Vermont | 39,170,417 |
| Virginia | 496,861,933 |
| Washington | 241,855,789 |
| West Virginia i | 25,651,470 |
| Wisconsin | 426,157,181 |
| Wyoming | 31,091,375 |
NOTES & METHODOLOGY
Some states were not able to report on all of the different populations of people (parole & probation) who were incarcerated for supervision violations (technical violations and new offenses) in their data system. In these instances, states are flagged to indicate which data are missing.
a = Missing all data from probation
b = Missing some data from probation
i = Missing all data from parole
ii = Missing some data from parole
iii = State does not have parole
*The Council of State Governments Justice Center analyzed data provided by Departments of Corrections from 41 states to estimate the cost of incarcerating people for supervision violations, both at the state and national levels. Annual cost estimates were calculated by multiplying the daily population by the average daily cost by 365 days. These data included fixed and variable expenses such as maintenance, staffing, food, supplies, and health care services. It’s important to note that reductions in prison populations and recidivism may not necessarily translate into immediate savings or reinvestment opportunities due to fixed expenditures such as capital assets and staffing costs, which take time to adjust. However, over time, long-term expenditures related to staffing and decisions to close unnecessary units can increase the amount of savings for each state.
Project credits:
Writing: Marshall Clement and Dr. Jessica Saunders, CSG Justice Center
Research: Dr. Jessica Saunders, CSG Justice Center
Advising: Dr. Dion Clark and Dr. Nicole Jarrett, CSG Justice Center
Editing: Darby Baham, CSG Justice Center
Design: Justin Crawford, CSG Justice Center
Public Affairs: Kevin Dugan, CSG Justice Center
Web Development: Catherine Allary, CSG Justice Center
This project was supported by Arnold Ventures and produced in partnership with the Correctional Leaders Association.
About the author
Arkansas policymakers have long expressed concerns about the state’s high recidivism rate. Over the past 10 years, an…
Read MoreGovernors emphasized a wide range of criminal justice and behavioral health initiatives in this year’s state-of-the-state addresses. From…
Read MoreCorrections leaders balance the complex priorities of maintaining public safety, operating secure facilities, providing needed care and services…
Read More
Explainer: Key Findings and Options from Arkansas’s Justice Reinvestment Initiative
Arkansas policymakers have long expressed concerns about the state’s high recidivism rate.…
Read More
State of the States: Criminal Justice and Behavioral Health Priorities in 2025
Governors emphasized a wide range of criminal justice and behavioral health initiatives…
Read More
Apply Now for Resident Analyst Program to Increase Data Analysis Capacity at Departments of Corrections
Corrections leaders balance the complex priorities of maintaining public safety, operating secure…
Read More
Five New CSG Justice Center Board Members Look to Strengthen Communities and Improve Public Safety
The CSG Justice Center is pleased to announce 5 new members of…
Read More
Removing Barriers to Successful Reentry: Q&A with New CSG Justice Center Advisory Board Member Dr. Ronald F. Day
The CSG Justice Center Advisory Board establishes the policy and project priorities…
Read More
Transforming Lives with Access to Needed Mental Health Care: Q&A with New CSG Justice Center Advisory Board Member Dr. Courtney Harvey
The CSG Justice Center Advisory Board establishes the policy and project priorities…
Read More