National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction

An online database cataloguing all 40,000-plus collateral consequences in the U.S.

Collateral consequences are legal and regulatory restrictions that limit or prohibit people convicted of crimes from accessing employment, business and occupational licensing, housing, voting, education, and other opportunities. The National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction identifies and categorizes the statutes and regulations that impose collateral consequences in all 50 states, the federal system, and the District of Columbia, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.

In many states, a criminal record is a stain that you can’t wash off. There is no amount of studying that can take away this mark in your past if a licensing board wants to use it against you.
Stephen Slivinski
Economist, Center for the Study of Economic Liberty at Arizona State University

Key Staff


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Former Employee
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Deputy Program Director, Corrections and Reentry
Josh Gaines focuses on issues involving the collateral consequences of criminal conviction, barriers to work, and relief from the long-term impacts of a criminal record. Through the Reentry 2030 initiative, he provides direct technical assistance to state leaders and other
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stakeholders working to safely expand opportunities for workers with criminal histories. Josh received his BA from North Carolina State University and his JD from the Washington College of Law at American University.
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